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While addiction in the UK remains stigmatised as an individual failing, recognising its structural underpinnings opens up routes towards a liberatory and collective framing of sobriety, writes William Rayfet Hunter

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How to root a begonia leaf indoors: a complete guide from one leaf to a thriving plant

Last spring I bumped a shelf while vacuuming — classic move — and watched a gorgeous, spiral-patterned Rex begonia leaf snap clean off the stem. I stood there holding the leaf like it was evidence at a crime scene. Then a thought hit me: what if I could root a begonia leaf indoors and grow a whole new plant from this accident? Spoiler: I could. And I did. That single broken leaf became four baby begonias now sitting in tiny terra-cotta pots on my kitchen windowsill.

You can do exactly the same thing this weekend. By the time you finish reading, you’ll know three tested methods to propagate a begonia from a leaf, which begonia types cooperate best, what supplies to grab, and how to troubleshoot every common failure — rot, mold, mystery die-off, all of it.

Which begonias root from leaves (and which don’t)

Begonia leaf propagation works beautifully — but only with the right species. Not every begonia plays along, and knowing the difference saves you weeks of staring at a rotting leaf.

Rex and rhizomatous types: the gold standard

Rex begonia is a rhizomatous houseplant famous for bold, swirled foliage. Rex begonia propagates easily from a single leaf because the thick veins carry abundant meristematic tissue — basically, built-in starter cells. Other rhizomatous varieties like Begonia masoniana (Iron Cross) and B. bowerae (Eyelash begonia) respond just as well. These are your best candidates.

Cane-stemmed begonias (angel wings): skip the leaf

You’re probably wondering: does this really work with an angel wing? Honestly, not great. Cane-stemmed begonias store their growth energy in thick stems, not leaves. A leaf-only cutting from an angel wing rarely produces roots strong enough to build a plant. Stem cuttings with a node work far better for cane types.

Fibrous-rooted and tuberous types: limited success

Fibrous begonias (like wax begonias) propagate more reliably from stem cuttings or seed. Tuberous begonias prefer division of their tubers. Neither type is a good pick for the leaf methods below.

Supplies you actually need

Begonia leaf cuttings demand surprisingly little gear. Here’s the short list:

• A sharp razor blade or X-Acto knife — scissors crush the vein tissue instead of slicing cleanly, and crushed tissue invites rot.
• Rooting medium — pure perlite, moist sphagnum moss, or a 50/50 peat-perlite mix all work. I prefer sphagnum moss for vein-slitting because the leaf pins down flat against the soft surface.
• A shallow tray or clear plastic container with a lid — a repurposed bakery clamshell container is perfect. A gallon zip-lock bag works too.
• Rooting hormone (optional) — in my experience, rooting hormone shaves maybe a week off the timeline for wedge cuts. Worth using, not mandatory.
• A spray bottle, bright indirect light, and (optionally) a seedling heat mat.

Three ways to root a begonia leaf indoors

Begonia leaf propagation indoors comes down to three core techniques. Each method suits different goals and comfort levels. Here’s a side-by-side comparison before we dig in:

Method Best for Difficulty Plants per leaf Rooting time Vein-slitting (whole leaf) Rex, rhizomatous Easy 5–10+ 4–8 weeks Wedge cuts Rex, large-leaved Moderate 3–6 4–6 weeks Water rooting (petiole) Petiole cuttings Easiest 1 3–6 weeks Grab your razor blade: the vein-slitting technique

Begonia leaf vein-slitting is the method the American Begonia Society has championed since at least the 1930s, and it’s still the most satisfying way to get a crowd of babies from one leaf.

1. Select a healthy, mature Rex begonia leaf with firm texture — not a young pale leaf or an old droopy one.
2. Flip the leaf vein-side up on a clean surface.
3. Use a razor blade to make a clean cut across each major vein where the vein branches, about ½ inch long. Aim for 6–10 cuts total.
4. Lay the leaf vein-side down on a tray of pre-moistened sphagnum moss or perlite.
5. Pin the leaf flat against the medium using hairpins, toothpicks, or small pebbles — every slit needs to touch the damp surface.
6. Cover the tray with a clear lid or slip the whole tray into a plastic bag to hold humidity.
7. Place the tray in bright, indirect light. Avoid direct sun — the sealed container traps heat and can cook the leaf.

Each cut vein becomes a potential root site. Over four to eight weeks, tiny white root nubs emerge at the slits, and miniature plantlets push up shortly after. Roots. Tiny, white, beautiful roots. That moment never gets old.

The wedge method gives you more plants per leaf

Begonia leaf wedge cutting is my go-to when I want multiple plants and don’t mind a slightly more hands-on process.

1. Cut a healthy Rex begonia leaf into triangular wedges — each wedge must include a piece of a main vein running to the pointed end.
2. Let the wedges air-dry for about 15 minutes so the cut edges form a thin callus.
3. Insert each wedge pointed-end-down into moist perlite or peat-perlite mix, burying about ⅓ of the wedge.
4. Cover the container and set the container in bright indirect light.

A single large Rex leaf yields three to six wedges. Each wedge typically produces one plantlet, though some generous wedges sprout two. Rex begonia leaf wedges usually root in four to six weeks.

Rooting a begonia leaf in water — does it actually work?

Begonia leaf cuttings can root in water, especially whole-petiole cuttings. Here’s the honest truth, though: water-rooted begonias often develop weaker, more brittle roots than soil-rooted ones. The transition to potting mix can stress a water-grown cutting.

That said, water rooting is dead simple and satisfying to watch:

1. Trim the petiole (leaf stem) to about 1–2 inches.
2. Place the petiole in a small jar of room-temperature water — just deep enough to submerge the stem, not the leaf blade.
3. Change the water every five to seven days to keep bacteria at bay.
4. Move the cutting to soil once roots reach about an inch long.

A begonia petiole cutting in water produces roots in roughly three to six weeks. What surprised me was how fast my B. bowerae rooted in a shot glass on the kitchen counter — barely three weeks.

The waiting game — aftercare that makes or breaks it

A begonia leaf cutting needs consistent conditions during the rooting phase. Neglect here is the number-one reason propagation fails.

Humidity: Keep the tray covered. Vent the lid every two to three days for about ten minutes to let fresh air circulate and discourage mold.

Light: Bright, indirect light drives photosynthesis in the mother leaf, which fuels root growth. Direct sun on a covered tray raises the temperature inside and scorches the leaf tissue fast.

Temperature: The sweet spot sits between 65 °F and 75 °F (18–24 °C). A seedling heat mat beneath the tray can shave a week or two off rooting time — especially helpful in cooler rooms.

Moisture — the “squeeze test”: Grab a small pinch of the rooting medium and squeeze. A few drops of water should barely appear. Soaking wet medium suffocates new roots. Bone-dry medium kills them.

When to transplant: Wait until each baby plantlet shows at least two to three tiny leaves and a visible root cluster. Depending on the method, the full timeline from cutting to transplant-ready plantlet runs about eight to twelve weeks.

Why begonia leaf cuttings fail (and how to fix each problem)

Begonia leaf cuttings sometimes go sideways. Here are the four failures I see most often — and the fixes that actually work.

Why did my begonia leaf cutting turn to mush?

Rot happens when the medium stays too wet and airflow is too low. The leaf tissue breaks down into translucent slime. Fix: use a chunkier medium like pure perlite, vent the lid more frequently, and trim away any mushy sections with a clean blade before they spread.

The leaf dried up and turned brown

Low humidity is the usual culprit. Sometimes the leaf was already old or damaged before cutting. Fix: choose a leaf that feels thick and waxy — you want that satisfying, almost rubbery texture under your fingers. Increase humidity by misting the inside of the lid before closing.

No roots after eight weeks

Cold temperatures and dim light slow rooting dramatically. A begonia cutting sitting in a 60 °F room with north-facing light may simply stall. Add a heat mat. Move the tray closer to an east- or west-facing window. And double-check that you’re using a variety that actually roots from leaves — a cane-stemmed begonia leaf almost never cooperates.

Fuzzy mold on the soil surface

Mold loves warm, humid, still environments — exactly what your propagation tray provides. A light dusting of ground cinnamon on the medium surface acts as a gentle natural antifungal. Better airflow during venting sessions helps too. A small amount of surface mold rarely kills the cutting, so don’t panic.

From leaf to showpiece — potting up your new begonias

Baby begonia plantlets need a gentle transition. Once each plantlet has two to three leaves and a root cluster about an inch long, carefully separate the plantlet from the mother leaf. Use a well-draining, peat-based potting mix — I like two parts peat, one part perlite, one part vermiculite.

Pot each plantlet into a 2-inch container. Keep the soil lightly moist for the first two weeks and maintain higher humidity (a loose plastic bag over the pot works). After two weeks, remove the cover and let the young begonia acclimate to normal room humidity. Start feeding with a diluted balanced fertilizer (half-strength, every two weeks) once the plantlet shows active new growth.

I think this potting-up stage is the most nerve-wracking part of the whole process. The babies look so fragile. They’re tougher than they seem.

Your next move

A few months from now, you could have a whole shelf of begonias — every single one traced back to a leaf you sliced on your kitchen counter. There’s something genuinely magical about starting new begonia plants from a leaf and watching an entire collection grow from almost nothing. The Victorian plant collectors who popularized begonias in parlor windows understood this thrill, and honestly, indoor begonia propagation hasn’t changed much since their era. Good light, a damp medium, patience, a sharp blade.

So — which leaf are you starting with?

FAQ — begonia leaf propagation questions answered Can I root a begonia leaf in just water without soil?

Yes. A begonia petiole cutting roots in water within three to six weeks. Water-rooted cuttings tend to develop more fragile roots, so transplant to soil early — once the roots reach about an inch — for the strongest long-term growth. See the water rooting section above for the full technique.

How long does a begonia leaf take to root indoors?

A begonia leaf cutting takes three to eight weeks to produce visible roots, depending on the method, the room temperature, and the variety. Wedge cuttings and water-rooted petioles tend to root fastest. Vein-slit whole leaves take longer because each slit point roots independently.

Do I need rooting hormone for begonia leaf cuttings?

Rooting hormone is optional. A light dusting of powdered rooting hormone on wedge-cut edges can speed rooting by roughly a week. Vein-slit leaves and water-rooted petioles generally root fine without the hormone. I use rooting hormone on wedge cuts and skip the hormone for everything else.

Can I propagate an angel wing begonia from a leaf?

Angel wing begonia belongs to the cane-stemmed group. A leaf-only cutting from an angel wing rarely produces strong roots. Gardeners get far better results taking a stem cutting with at least one node and rooting the stem cutting in water or moist perlite.

What time of year is best to propagate begonia leaves indoors?

Spring and early summer offer the longest daylight and warmest ambient temperatures, so begonia leaf cuttings root fastest during those months. Indoor propagation works year-round, though. A grow light and a heat mat compensate for shorter winter days and cooler rooms.

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Pricking out salvia seedlings: a hands-on guide to stronger, healthier transplants

The first time I pricked out salvia seedlings, I lost half the tray. Not to clumsiness — to hesitation. I waited too long, the roots wove together like tiny white threads in a braid, and every seedling I pulled dragged three neighbors with it. By morning, most of them had damped off in a soggy clump. That failure taught me more than any seed packet ever could. And now, a few hundred trays later, I want to walk you through the exact timing, tools, technique, and aftercare so your young salvias survive — and thrive — every single time.

The two-leaf rule — knowing when salvia seedlings are ready

Young salvias announce their readiness with a clear visual signal: the first pair of true leaves. Those rounded, smooth first leaves you see after germination? Those are cotyledons — essentially battery packs that fueled the initial push through the soil. Cotyledons look pale, fleshy, and generic. True leaves look entirely different. Salvia true leaves emerge slightly textured, oval, and sometimes faintly aromatic when you brush a fingertip across the surface. On Salvia splendens, the first true leaves carry a subtle sheen. On Salvia nemorosa, the true leaves feel rougher, almost like fine sandpaper.

You want to see two true leaves fully unfurled before you reach for the widger. For most annual bedding salvias, that moment arrives roughly three to four weeks after germination. Perennial types often take a week longer. Here’s where I see beginners stall: they wait for four or six true leaves “just to be safe.” Don’t. Waiting past four true leaves lets roots tangle into a dense mat, and the salvia seedlings stretch toward light and grow leggy. I’ve found that the two-to-four-leaf window is the sweet spot — big enough to handle, small enough that roots separate cleanly.

Tools and soil mix — set up before you start

Salvia seedlings don’t give you much working time once you lift them from the tray, so gather everything first. Lay it all out on your bench. Honestly, this prep phase is where the real efficiency lives.

• Cell trays or 3-inch pots hold individual seedlings and encourage strong root systems. A 72-count insert fits inside a standard 1020 flat and works perfectly for most salvias until the plants reach 3–4 inches tall.
• A dibber is a pencil-sized pointed stick. A dibber creates a planting hole 1–1.5 inches deep in seconds and keeps the root channel narrow enough to cradle fragile roots.
• A widger is a thin, flat-bladed tool about 4 inches long. A widger slides under the root mass without severing fine feeder roots. A plastic fork or an old butter knife works in a pinch.
• Pre-moistened potting mix provides the landing pad. I mix roughly 50% peat-free compost, 30% perlite, and 20% vermiculite. Alternatively, a ready-made seedling mix like Espoma Organic Seed Starter does the job — just add extra perlite for drainage.
• A spray bottle or a watering can with a fine rose delivers gentle moisture without blasting tiny transplants out of their new holes.
• Labels and a waterproof marker keep varieties straight, because trust me, all salvia seedlings look alike at this stage.

Salvias despise soggy roots more than almost any bedding annual I grow. That perlite in the mix isn’t optional — the perlite guarantees air pockets survive around the roots even after watering. My favorite trick: squeeze a fistful of the moistened mix. The mix should clump briefly and then crumble when you poke the clump. Too wet means trouble.

Step by step — pricking out salvia seedlings without breaking a sweat Water the tray an hour before you begin

Dry roots snap. Wet roots slide free. You water the seed tray about an hour before transplanting to let moisture soften the growing medium around every root system. I either bottom-soak the tray in a shallow basin for 20 minutes or mist the surface evenly until the top half-inch looks uniformly damp. The goal is moist, not dripping. Salvia seedlings sitting in waterlogged mix bruise more easily because their stems swell and turn glassy.

Loosen, lift, and hold by the leaf — never the stem

This is the moment that scares most beginners, and honestly, it scared me too. The stem of a young salvia feels like a wet thread between your fingers. One accidental squeeze and the vascular tissue collapses — game over for that seedling.

Slide the widger under the root mass at about a 45-degree angle, roughly half an inch away from the stem base. Lever upward gently. The seedling rises with a small plug of mix clinging to the roots. Now — and this part is critical — you grip the seedling by one cotyledon leaf, not the stem. Pinch the leaf lightly between your thumb and index finger. A torn cotyledon barely slows the plant down. A crushed stem kills the salvia seedling within hours. I crushed dozens before I trained my fingers to hover instead of pinch. Take it slow.

Drop into the hole and firm gently

Use the dibber to poke a hole in the center of the cell or pot. Make the hole deep enough so the roots hang straight down without bending or J-hooking at the bottom — usually about 1 to 1.5 inches deep for a three-week-old salvia. Lower the seedling in. Here’s a detail most guides skip: you bury the stem up to just below the cotyledons. That buried stem section develops adventitious roots over time, and the salvia transplant grows stockier as a result.

Press the mix around the base with two fingertips. Firm, not tight. You want soil-to-root contact, not a compacted brick. The mix should hold the seedling upright when you release your fingers.

Water in and move to shade

You water each seedling lightly right after transplanting. I use a fine-rose watering can and pour until water just begins to trickle from the drainage holes. Some growers prefer bottom-watering at this stage, which works well too — set the tray in a shallow basin of room-temperature water for 10 minutes, then remove the tray and let the excess drain.

Direct sun during the first 48 hours stresses salvia transplants badly. The roots haven’t anchored yet, and the leaves lose moisture faster than the roots can replace the moisture. Place the tray under bright indirect light, or raise your grow lights an extra 4–6 inches above the canopy. After two days, you move the salvia seedlings back to their normal light position.

The first 7 days — aftercare that makes or breaks your salvias

Freshly pricked-out salvia seedlings enter a fragile window. The roots need to explore new mix, the stem needs to stabilize, and the leaves need to resume photosynthesis — all at once. None of the top-ranking competitor pages I reviewed in 2026 dedicate a full section to this critical week, which is a shame, because aftercare determines whether your salvias take off or stall.

Keep ambient temperature between 65°F and 72°F. Salvia seedlings tolerate cooler nights down to about 58°F, and a slight nighttime temperature drop actually encourages compact growth. Place a humidity dome over the tray for the first two days, then remove the dome to let airflow circulate. Stagnant humid air invites fungal problems faster than almost anything else in my experience.

Check moisture daily. You water when the top half-inch of mix feels dry to the touch — not before. Overwatering freshly pricked-out salvias is the single most common killer, because soggy roots can’t access oxygen and the fungal pathogen Pythium thrives in saturated conditions. After one full week, you feed the salvia seedlings with half-strength balanced liquid fertilizer (something like 10-10-10 diluted to 50%). That first feeding replaces nutrients the roots have already started pulling from the fresh mix.

Trouble signs and quick fixes

Salvia seedlings communicate stress visually, and catching the signs early saves the whole tray.

Wilting after transplant. The transplanted seedlings droop for 24–48 hours. This reaction is normal. You mist the foliage lightly twice a day and keep the tray out of full sun. The salvia transplants usually perk up by day three.

Yellowing lower leaves. The oldest leaves turn pale yellow within the first week. Transplant shock or overwatering causes the yellowing in most cases. You reduce watering frequency, confirm the drainage holes are open, and wait. New green growth at the center of the plant signals recovery.

Leggy growth after pricking out. The salvia seedlings stretch upward with thin, elongated internodes. Low light intensity drives the stretching. You lower your grow lights to 3–4 inches above the canopy and drop nighttime temperature to 58–60°F. The combination slows vertical growth and encourages thicker stems.

Damping off. A dark, water-soaked ring appears at the stem base, and the seedling collapses. You remove affected salvia seedlings immediately, improve airflow around the tray, and cut back watering. Damping off spreads fast, so act the moment you notice the first casualty.

One small step for a seedling

Pricking out is a five-minute task that changes the trajectory of every plant on your bench. Once you master the lift-by-the-leaf technique and resist the urge to drown the transplants afterward, the whole seed-starting process feels less like a gamble and more like a craft. And that’s the shift I love most about this stage — the move from passive waiting to active shaping.

I still remember the first tray I pricked out successfully: 36 Salvia splendens ‘Sizzler Red,’ each one standing upright in its own cell, roots dangling straight. A week later, every single plant had pushed new growth. That row of tiny green rosettes on my shelf felt like a small victory. It still does, every spring. Try the technique this season, and let me know in the comments how your young salvias turn out — or ask a question, because chances are I’ve made the mistake you’re worried about.

Frequently asked questions Can I prick out salvia seedlings directly into the garden?

Only after your last frost date passes in your USDA zone. Salvia seedlings need nighttime temperatures above 50°F to survive outdoors. Most US gardeners prick out into cell trays indoors and harden the transplants off over 7–10 days before planting outside.

Do different salvia species need different pricking-out timing?

Annual bedding types like Salvia splendens grow fast — you prick them out at two true leaves, usually around three weeks after germination. Perennial species like Salvia nemorosa develop more slowly and tolerate an extra week in the seed tray. Salvia patens produces larger seedlings; move Salvia patens when the first true leaf reaches about half an inch wide.

What if the roots break during pricking out?

Salvia seedlings recover well from minor root damage. You keep the broken-root seedling slightly more humid for three to four days by misting or replacing the dome. Avoid fertilizing until new root growth appears, which usually takes about a week.

Should I pinch salvia seedlings after pricking out?

Wait until the young salvia carries four to six pairs of true leaves before pinching the growing tip. Pinching too early slows establishment right when the transplant needs all its energy directed toward root growth.

How many salvia seedlings fit in a standard 1020 tray after pricking out?

A standard 1020 tray holds 32 to 72 cells depending on the insert you choose. For most salvias, 2-inch cells in a 72-count insert work well until the plant reaches 3–4 inches tall. At that height, you pot on into 3-inch containers to give the root system room to expand.

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Why do celosia inflorescences blacken and drop off — and what you can actually do about it

You step outside with your morning coffee, glance at the bed of ‘Dragon’s Breath’ that looked absolutely electric two days ago — and your stomach drops. A dark, soggy patch is spreading across the top of the tallest cockscomb. The flower head next to it has already collapsed, almost black, sagging like a wet paper bag. By afternoon, pieces start falling to the mulch. What happened?

I’ve been there. More than once.

Blackening celosia inflorescences signal something more specific — and usually more urgent — than the gradual fading every bloom goes through at end of season. This article walks through every cause of celosia flowers turning black and dropping off, gives you a fast diagnostic method you can use while standing in your garden, and lays out fixes that actually work. No fluff, no generic “water properly” advice. Let’s get into the real reasons.

Celosia at a glance — what makes this flower tick

Celosia belongs to the Amaranthaceae family and grows as a warm-season annual across most of the United States. Celosia thrives year-round only in USDA zones 10–12; everywhere else, gardeners treat celosia as a single-season plant. The species needs full sun — six hours minimum — and well-drained soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH.

Three main flower forms exist: crested (the classic cockscomb), plumed (feathery spikes like ‘Century Mix’), and wheat-type or spicata (slender tapers like ‘Flamingo Feather’). All three trace their ancestry to tropical West Africa.

That tropical origin matters here. Celosia evolved for heat, bright light, and sharp drainage. Every condition that deviates from that profile pushes celosia flower tissue toward stress — and stressed tissue blackens faster than healthy tissue when a pathogen, frost, or waterlogging event hits. Keep that mental model as you read the causes below.

Every reason celosia inflorescences blacken and fall off Botrytis and other fungal invaders

Botrytis cinerea is a gray-mold fungus. Botrytis thrives in humidity above 80%, spreads through airborne spores, and colonizes damaged tissue within 24 hours. On celosia, botrytis starts as small water-soaked spots on the inflorescence — spots that darken to brown, then black, within a day or two. Flip the flower head over and look for a fuzzy gray spore layer on the underside. That gray fuzz is the confirmation.

I lost an entire row of crested cockscomb to botrytis one August in zone 7a. The whole bed looked scorched overnight — but the giveaway was the gray felt coating every flower head by the second morning.

Leaf spot fungi and Fusarium oxysporum (a soil-borne wilt pathogen) can also blacken celosia flowers, though Fusarium usually kills the stem first. Fusarium wilt causes one-sided wilting and internal stem browning before the blooms collapse. Leaf spot stays on foliage until severe, then jumps to flower tissue in wet weather.

Overwatering and waterlogged soil

Celosia roots need oxygen. Waterlogged soil suffocates root cells within 48 hours, and stressed roots cannot supply the flower head with nutrients or water — paradoxically, the bloom dehydrates from above while drowning from below. Meanwhile, standing moisture on the inflorescence itself creates a perfect landing pad for fungal spores.

Here’s a quick test: push your finger two inches into the soil near the plant’s base. Soil should feel damp, not muddy. Mud means you are overwatering celosia or your drainage is failing. By the way, if celosia stems feel mushy at the base, skip ahead to the fungal section — that’s your answer.

Frost and cold snaps — the overnight disaster

Celosia has zero frost tolerance. A brief dip below 35 °F blackens celosia flower tissue overnight. Frost damage looks different from fungal damage: frost produces uniform blackening across every exposed surface, while fungal infection starts as a patchy spot and spreads outward. Frost-damaged celosia petals also feel limp and translucent, not fuzzy or slimy.

Honestly, this one surprised me the first time — a single October night at 34 °F turned a gorgeous ‘Prestige Scarlet’ bed into something that looked diseased. It wasn’t disease. It was cold, and the damage was irreversible.

The seed-setting stage nobody warns you about

Celosia blooms naturally darken, dry, and drop when the plant finishes its reproductive cycle. The flower head shifts color from the center outward, turns papery and brittle, and eventually releases tiny black seeds. This process is normal biology, not pathology.

The diagnostic difference: natural senescence produces dry, crumbly, lightweight flower heads. Pathological blackening produces mushy, heavy, often foul-smelling tissue. Squeeze the flower head gently. Dry and papery? The plant is simply done. Wet and squishy? Something else is wrong.

Sunlight starvation and heat stress

Celosia planted in partial shade grows leggy, and celosia flower heads in low light fade to pale tones, then brown, then blacken at the edges as cells die. The opposite extreme — sustained temperatures above 95 °F combined with drought — scorches celosia petal tips, producing crispy dark margins that can be mistaken for disease.

My personal rule of thumb: celosia wants hot, not scorching. Six to eight hours of direct morning-to-midday sun with light afternoon shade works best in zones 8–9 where summer heat gets brutal.

Pest damage that opens the door to blackening

Aphids, spider mites, and caterpillars wound celosia flower tissue. Wounded tissue invites fungal spores. The sequence is predictable: pests feed → micro-wounds form → Botrytis or leaf-spot fungi enter → blackening follows within days. Check the undersides of flower heads for aphid colonies or fine webbing. Sticky honeydew residue on the bloom surface is another telltale sign of active pest feeding.

How to diagnose your specific problem

Celosia blackening has at least five distinct causes, and each one leaves a slightly different fingerprint. Grab the affected flower head (wear gloves if you suspect fungus) and use this quick-reference table:

Visual clue Most likely cause First action Fuzzy gray coating on black tissue Botrytis gray mold Remove and bag infected flower heads immediately Uniform black across all exposed surfaces Frost or cold snap Check overnight low temps; cover remaining plants Mushy base, wilting stem, then black bloom Root rot / overwatering Stop watering; improve drainage Dry, papery, crumbly black flower head Natural seed-setting senescence Harvest seeds or deadhead — plant is finishing its cycle Sticky residue, tiny insects, patchy dark spots Pest damage + secondary fungal infection Blast pests with water; apply neem oil Crispy dark edges, dry soil, extreme heat Heat scorch / drought stress Water deeply at the base; add 2 inches of mulch

The “squeeze test” summarizes the whole diagnostic approach: mushy means fungal or rot, dry-crumbly means aging or frost, sticky means pests.

Saving your celosia — practical fixes that actually work Cut away the damage — how and where to prune

Celosia responds well to sanitation pruning. Sterilize your shears with rubbing alcohol, cut at least one inch below the blackened area into green, firm stem tissue, and drop every removed piece into a plastic bag — not onto the ground. Do not compost blackened celosia material. Fungal spores survive composting temperatures in most home compost bins.

Fix the water situation

Water celosia at the base, never overhead. Drip irrigation or a soaker hose keeps moisture off flower heads entirely. For container-grown celosia, ensure every pot has drainage holes and use a mix containing at least 30 % perlite. Raised beds solve most in-ground drainage problems in clay-heavy soils.

Fight fungal disease with targeted treatment

Apply copper-based fungicide — Bonide Copper Fungicide is widely available at US garden centers — at the first sign of botrytis spots. Spray early in the morning so foliage dries quickly. Daconil (chlorothalonil) works as a preventive when weather forecasts predict several humid, cool nights in a row. Neem oil handles light fungal pressure and also deters soft-bodied pests, giving you a two-for-one benefit. Reapply every 7–10 days during active infection.

Protect celosia from frost (or know when to let go)

Cover celosia plants with frost cloth when overnight temperatures drop below 40 °F. Anchor the cloth at the base so trapped warmth stays around the plant. But here’s the honest truth: celosia is an annual. Once a hard freeze arrives — sustained temps below 28 °F — the plant’s life cycle ends. Harvest healthy blooms before the first frost and hang celosia flower heads upside down in a dry room. Dried celosia holds color for months.

Boost airflow and spacing

Space celosia plants 10–12 inches apart at transplant time. Remove lower leaves once the plant reaches 8 inches tall — removing lower celosia foliage improves air circulation around the base where humidity concentrates. In my experience, this single habit prevents more fungal problems than any spray.

Prevention checklist for next season

1. Choose a planting site with full sun and fast-draining soil.
2. Space celosia transplants 10–12 inches apart in every direction.
3. Water celosia at the base using drip irrigation or a soaker hose.
4. Apply balanced fertilizer (10-10-10) monthly — excess nitrogen promotes soft growth vulnerable to fungus.
5. Scout celosia plants weekly for aphids, spider mites, and caterpillars.
6. Deadhead fading celosia blooms before they become entry points for disease.
7. Monitor weather forecasts and cover celosia before any night below 40 °F.

A final thought

I’ve grown celosia for over fifteen years, and I still lose a plant now and then. The difference between my early seasons and now is that I understand why — and I catch problems three days earlier. Celosia is tough, generous, and forgiving when you give it warmth, sunshine, and dry flower heads. One bad week doesn’t have to ruin a whole season.

If you’re staring at a blackened cockscomb right now, take a breath, run through the diagnostic table, and start with the simplest fix. Most celosia plants bounce back faster than you’d expect. I’d love to hear what’s happening in your garden — drop a comment below with your cultivar, your zone, and what the flower heads look like. Let’s figure it out together.

FAQ — celosia blackening and bloom drop Can celosia recover once the flower heads have turned completely black?

Celosia cannot revive a fully blackened flower head — dead tissue stays dead. However, celosia plants often push new side shoots and secondary blooms after you remove the damaged inflorescence, provided the stem and roots remain healthy.

Is it safe to compost blackened celosia flowers?

Blackened celosia flowers may carry Botrytis spores or other fungal pathogens. Most backyard compost piles do not reach temperatures high enough to kill these spores. Bag and discard blackened celosia material with household waste instead.

Do all celosia types (crested, plumed, spicata) blacken equally?

Crested (cockscomb) celosia blackens most noticeably because crested flower heads trap moisture in their dense folds. Plumed and spicata types dry faster and resist botrytis somewhat better, though no celosia type is immune.

Could black celosia flowers indicate a soil nutrient problem?

Nutrient deficiencies rarely cause flower blackening directly. Severe phosphorus deficiency darkens celosia foliage to a purplish hue, but true black flower tissue almost always points to fungal infection, frost, or overwatering rather than a nutrient issue.

How do I tell celosia flower blackening from normal drying for seed saving?

Celosia flowers drying for seed saving turn brown, then tan, and feel papery and light. Pathological blackening produces dark, mushy, often foul-smelling tissue that feels heavy with moisture. The squeeze test — papery versus squishy — gives you the answer in seconds.

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How to keep your ageratum mother plant alive over winter (and why it’s worth the effort)

Last September, my phone buzzed with that dreaded first frost advisory, and I stood in the garden staring at a ‘Blue Horizon’ ageratum that had been blooming its heart out since June. Pulling the whole plant and tossing the remains on the compost pile felt criminal. So I didn’t. I dug the ageratum up, potted the root ball, and carried the entire sticky-stemmed, slightly pungent thing into my kitchen. That decision to keep my ageratum mother plant over winter changed the way I garden every fall — and five seasons later, I still maintain descendants of that original plant.

Here’s what most seed packets won’t tell you: ageratum is not a true annual. Ageratum houstonianum — commonly called floss flower — is a tender perennial native to Mexico and Central America. The plant thrives year-round in USDA zones 10–11 but dies at the first hard frost everywhere else. Because American gardeners overwhelmingly treat the floss flower as disposable, almost no mainstream guide explains how to overwinter a specific mother plant indoors. This article fills that gap with every step I’ve learned, tested, and occasionally botched.

Why bother overwintering ageratum?

Ageratum earns the label “tender perennial” because the plant’s roots, stems, and crown survive indefinitely in frost-free conditions. “Tender” simply means the plant lacks cold hardiness — not that the plant lacks longevity. That distinction matters, because the moment you understand ageratum can live for years, throwing one away in October starts to feel wasteful.

I genuinely believe overwintering makes sense for four practical reasons. First, gardeners preserve a specific variety or flower color they love. Tall cutting types like ‘Blue Horizon’ or ‘Red Flint’ aren’t always easy to source as transplants each spring, and seed availability fluctuates. Second, an overwintered mother plant gives you a six-to-eight-week head start on spring blooms compared to starting from seed. Third — and this surprised me the most — a single mother plant produces dozens of stem cuttings in late winter, multiplying your stock for free. Fourth, keeping a living plant simply beats adding another carcass to the compost bin.

The right time to bring ageratum indoors

Ageratum suffers visible damage once nighttime temperatures dip below 40–45 °F. Gardeners don’t need to panic at the first cool evening, but they do need to act before a genuine frost. Timing depends on where you live.

Gardeners in zones 5–6 typically move their ageratum indoors by late September. Zone 7–8 gardeners usually have until mid-October. Zone 9 gardeners may only need protection during rare cold snaps — a frost cloth over the pot can be enough. And yes, I learned this the hard way: one year I waited until the forecast said 33 °F, rushed outside at 10 p.m. with a headlamp, and dug the plant in near-darkness. The ageratum survived. My back did not enjoy the experience. Check your USDA hardiness zone, watch the ten-day forecast starting in mid-September, and plan your move during daylight hours.

Step-by-step — preparing the mother plant for winter Dig, pot, and inspect

Gardeners growing ageratum in a garden bed should dig a wide circle around the root ball — roughly six inches from the main stem — to avoid slicing through feeder roots. Shake off excess garden soil gently. A healthy ageratum mother plant from the garden fits comfortably in a pot one to two inches wider than the root ball. I prefer a six-to-eight-inch terracotta pot because the clay breathes and reduces the risk of soggy roots.

Fill the pot with a well-draining mix: equal parts quality potting soil and perlite works well. Skip heavy garden soil entirely — the ageratum’s roots need airflow. Now comes the tricky part. Inspect every leaf surface, stem junction, and the soil surface for hitchhikers. Whiteflies and spider mites adore ageratum outdoors, and those populations explode in the warm, still air of a house. Flip leaves over. Look closely. One overlooked whitefly colony can infest your entire houseplant collection by December.

The quarantine period

One detail most guides skip: the ageratum needs isolation before joining your indoor plants. Place the freshly potted mother plant in a bright room away from other houseplants for seven to ten days. During quarantine, spray the entire plant — tops and undersides of leaves — with a dilute insecticidal soap solution or neem oil. Repeat the spray after five days. This two-round treatment catches pests that survived the first application as eggs or nymphs. I’ve watched a friend skip quarantine and spend all winter battling whiteflies on her fiddle-leaf fig. Not worth the risk.

Pruning before the move

Cut the ageratum back by one-third to one-half of its height using clean, sharp scissors. Remove all spent flower clusters, yellowing leaves, and any leggy or crossing stems. The mother plant looks rough after a hard prune — honestly, the first time I tried this, the result looked so pitiful by mid-October that I nearly composted the whole pot. Glad I didn’t. That aggressive haircut forces the ageratum to redirect energy toward roots and compact new growth, which is exactly what the plant needs for winter survival indoors.

Indoor care through the cold months Light requirements

Ageratum needs at least six hours of bright light each day indoors. A south-facing window handles this in most US homes from October through February. West-facing windows work as a second choice. Gardeners in northern states — Minnesota, Michigan, upstate New York — face brutally short winter days, and a windowsill alone may not provide enough light. A basic LED shop light positioned six inches above the ageratum for 12–14 hours a day solves the problem affordably. The mother plant responds to supplemental light within a week: new leaves emerge greener and stems stay compact instead of stretching toward a distant window.

Watering and humidity

Water the ageratum when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. The mother plant hates waterlogged roots — root rot kills more overwintering ageratum than cold ever does. But bone-dry soil stresses the plant too, causing leaf edges to crisp and lower leaves to drop. Find the middle ground. Indoor heating systems slash humidity to 20–30 %, and ageratum prefers 50 % or higher. Group the pot with other plants on a pebble tray filled with water to raise local humidity. Let’s be real: misting does almost nothing measurable for humidity. The water evaporates in minutes. A pebble tray or a small room humidifier delivers consistent results.

Temperature and feeding

Ageratum tolerates cool rooms down to about 50 °F at night but stops active growth below that threshold. Keep the room above 55 °F for the healthiest winter foliage. Avoid placing the pot near drafty doors, single-pane windows, or heating vents that blast dry air directly onto the leaves.

Feeding deserves a light touch. The ageratum rests during the shortest days of the year, so heavy fertilizer pushes weak, leggy growth. Apply a half-strength liquid fertilizer once a month from November through January, or skip feeding entirely until late February when increasing daylight triggers new growth. In my experience, under-feeding during winter causes zero problems; over-feeding causes pale, floppy stems that invite disease.

Common winter problems (and fixes)

• Leggy, pale growth signals insufficient light — move the ageratum closer to the window or add a grow light.
• Sudden leaf drop indicates overwatering or cold drafts — check soil moisture and relocate the pot away from exterior doors.
• Whiteflies appear as tiny white specks on leaf undersides — spray insecticidal soap every five days for three consecutive rounds.
• Crispy leaf edges suggest low humidity — place the pot on a pebble tray and group the ageratum with other plants.

Taking cuttings from your winter mother plant

Ageratum cuttings root easily, and late January through February is the ideal window. Days lengthen noticeably by then, and the mother plant begins pushing fresh growth — perfect cutting material. Propagating ageratum from a mother plant produces genetic clones, so every cutting preserves the exact flower color, height, and branching habit of the parent. Seed-grown ageratum can vary. Clones don’t.

Snip three-to-four-inch stem tips from non-flowering shoots, cutting just below a leaf node. Strip the lower leaves, leaving two or three leaves at the top. Dip the cut end in powdered rooting hormone — a light tap to coat, not a heavy dunk. Insert each cutting about one inch deep into a small pot of moist perlite or a 50/50 peat-perlite blend. Cover the pot loosely with a clear plastic bag to hold humidity, and set the cuttings in bright indirect light at 65–70 °F. Ageratum cuttings typically root in two to three weeks. A gentle tug that meets resistance confirms new roots. I’d argue this propagation step alone justifies overwintering — one mother plant can yield fifteen to twenty rooted cuttings, enough to fill a border or share with every neighbor on the block.

Transitioning back outdoors in spring

Ageratum rebounds fast once nighttime temperatures stay above 50 °F, but the mother plant and rooted cuttings need a hardening-off period first. Start by placing the pots outdoors in full shade for one hour on day one. Increase sun exposure and outdoor time gradually over seven to ten days. Transplant the ageratum into garden beds or larger containers after your region’s last frost date passes. The mother plant — now a seasoned survivor — typically blooms weeks before any seed-started ageratum in the neighborhood.

Frankly, there’s a quiet thrill in watching a plant you carried through a Minnesota February explode into blue blossoms by late May while everyone else’s six-packs from the garden center are still adjusting to outdoor life.

Frequently asked questions Can ageratum survive winter outdoors in any US zone?

Ageratum survives outdoors year-round only in USDA zones 10–11 — parts of southern Florida, coastal Southern California, and Hawaii. Frost kills the above-ground growth everywhere else, so gardeners in zones 9 and below need to bring the plant indoors or treat the ageratum as an annual.

Will my overwintered ageratum look the same next year?

A mother plant that receives proper light and regular pruning produces the same flower color and growth habit the following season. Ageratum maintained clonally — through cuttings or direct overwintering — stays true to the parent, unlike seed-grown plants that sometimes show variation.

How long can I keep the same ageratum mother plant alive?

Gardeners report maintaining ageratum mother plants for three to five years with annual overwintering. The plant becomes woodier at the base over time. Taking fresh cuttings each February ensures vigorous replacement stock that blooms as heavily as a young plant.

Is it easier to just start ageratum from seed every spring?

Seed starting works, but ageratum seeds need six to eight weeks of indoor growing before transplant, and germination can be uneven. An overwintered mother plant or rooted cuttings bloom weeks earlier and guarantee the exact variety the gardener wants — no surprises, no waiting.

So — what variety are you overwintering this fall? Whether your ageratum is a compact lavender mound or a tall, wild ‘Blue Horizon’ swaying at the back of the border, that plant deserves a winter indoors and another summer in the sun. Carry the pot inside, give the ageratum decent light and restrained water, and by March you’ll have a mother plant ready to produce an army of cuttings. Spring always comes. Your ageratum will be ready for the occasion.

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Alexandra Diamond-Rivlin speaks to writer Grace Byron about trans representation, artificial intelligence, and the role of criticism in an age of moral panic.

The post Grace Byron on cultural criticism, transphobia and Trump appeared first on Red Pepper.

Oh man. Same old clown show, awash with boondoggles, each more cringey than the last. As the mad man-child deconstructs DC and slaps his hideous face and name everywhere - historic buildings, fascist arches, garish statues, possibly imaginary gold phones - others have taken his lead with their own patriotic spinoffs. Cue "Fuck You" upgrades, a Strait to Hell arcade for a video-game war, and a Trump/Epstein "Memorial Reading Room" packed with 3.5 million pages of files, where "the truth is hard to deny."

Trump's narcissistic vandalizing of D.C. - couldn't his KKK dad have just hugged him now and then? - is "something dictators have done throughout history," noted Bernie Sanders of his proposed SERVE Act, or Stop Executive Renaming for Vanity and Ego. Co-sponsored by six Senate Dems, the bill would bar any sitting president from naming federal properties after themselves, an act both "arrogant" and illegal. At this rate many weary Americans would likely argue, "Let the chiseling off begin," but for now the bill sits in legislative limbo and we're stuck with the resulting atrocities; they continue to multiply like locusts, even as he's proposed a $10-billion fund for more "beautification" projects around "the capital of the greatest Nation in the history of the world."

Though he increasingly nods off in public - or per the White House, blinks - he still clutches at a farcical show of dominance he's leaned on in the endless self-glorification campaign that is his execrable life. There are posts quoting fictional "fans": "Remarkable leadership,” "Master of the Deal,” "THE GREATEST PRESIDENT WE HAVE EVER KNOWN." From the guy who's "confused the country for his living room," there's D.C's re-branding: the plaques, name changes, razed East Wing for a billion-dollar "albatross" nobody wants. There are new massive Stalin-esque banners at construction sites proclaiming, “Thank you, PRESIDENT TRUMP”- "like Michael Scott buying himself a World’s Best Boss coffee mug" we paid for - to which unenthused residents added, "Fuck You Cunt."

Snug in a delusional bubble where his approval is def not in the toilet, he feels free to rant, lie, melt down online without consequence. In one manic night, he posts 55 times in three hours: “Arrest Obama the traitor” and “DEMONIC FORCE,” also Hillary, Brennan, Comey, Kelly. Asked how much he thinks about the cost to Americans of his calamitous war, he blurts, “Not even a little bit.” His lackeys follow suit: Ka$h Patel yells, lies, hustles bourbon, pads his stats and takes a "VIP snorkel" in Pearl Harbor around the tomb of 900 U.S. soldiers as Sean Duffy takes his nine offspring on a "patriotic," seven-month Great American Road Trip filmed for YouTube and complete with "head-spinning" corporate sponsorship, both on the taxpayers' now-rapidly-shrinking dime.

Meanwhile, another project nobody asked for - draining and repainting the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, aka "reflective pond," from traditional grey to garish blue - has shockingly veered off course. After boasting his bestest golf course pool painters could easy-peasy do a no-bid, $1.8 million, "smart and beautiful construction" that Dems stupidly opposed - "Dumacrats love sewage" - the cost has soared to $13.1 million, it's now by a contractor he "did not know and have never used before,” staff are worried the job is behind schedule, with "uneven application" leaving bubbles, holes and "mottled shades of blue" in the pool, and a judge has set a May 21 hearing for a lawsuit charging the project wasn't properly vetted, ditto a color "more appropriate to a resort or theme park."

More winning in Miami, where another lawsuit charges three acres of multi-million-dollar waterfront land were illegally grifted by DeSantis to Trump for $10 for his presidential “library,” actually a gaudy hotel with no books but more vitally two gold statues of, you know. They will presumably join in grotesque kinship with the $300,000, crypto-bro-funded, bronze and gold leaf Don Colossus just unveiled at Doral Miami, "where the Republic is currently moldering." Before "a robotic chorus of evangelical functionaries who (have) transformed themselves into the most theologically humiliated cohort in modern memory," the statue was honored as, not an idolatrous golden calf, insisted Pastor Mark Burns, but "a celebration of life" and symbol of "the hand of God over (Trump’s) life." Definitely not a cult.

Tacky is as tacky doesBluesky screenshot

Despite being heralded as God's second favorite son - one who "understands the Scriptures better than the Pope" - Trump is also widely deemed "an economic serial killer" presiding over an "America First Corporate Graveyard," skyrocketing inflation, national debt, farm bankruptcies, and energy costs, and possibly "the largest single act of grand larceny in American history" with a $10 billion payout by his own DOJ against his own IRS to settle his bullshit lawsuit for their leak of his tax returns, which every other president has released. Still, because grifting chutzpah thy name is, and because there's never enough money to fill the ugly gaping hole where a soul should be, he's still running penny-ante scams. Up next: Trump Mobile, "for the forgotten MAGA man."

Last June, his huckster spawn announced the launch of "a sleek, gold smartphone engineered for performance.” The T1 Phone, "proudly designed and built in the United States,” would be available in August at $499. For almost a year, they urged followers to make $100 "deposits" to "pre-order" the beauties; over half a million did, ponying up about $59 million. Then, the bait and switch. The terms of service quietly changed: The "deposit" provided "a conditional opportunity" to buy if Trump Mobile chose to sell. Pricing, production schedules, shipping costs were "non-binding." "Made in the USA" became "Proudly American Designed." "Delivery" dates got pushed back. Unexplained charges appeared. A reporter who called "Customer Service" got “Omega Auto Care." To date, no fantasy Trump phones have shipped. Cheap Crooks 'R Us.

"Service for the forgotten MAGA man"Image from Bluesky

Also, liars. With even neo-cons now deeming the Iran War potentially more of a debacle than Vietnam, the good folks at Secret Handshake, creators of the Trump/Epstein bestie statues, decided that with the regime hyping war like a video game, they might as well turn it into one. Operation Epic Furious: Strait to Hell , which is also online, features three working, arcade video games set up inside DC's War Memorial; they promise "high-octane, flag-waving, boots-on-the-ground...pure pixelated patriotism," or, per Hegseth, "laser-focused maximum reps annihilation mission crushing (with) sustained unrelenting pressure." Battles - by tweet, not gun - pit US forces against ”Iranian schoolgirl,“ "DEIyatollah,“ low-flow shower heads, the Pope and other "threats to American freedom."

Games open with Trump declaring, “Another big, beautiful day as the best President ever.” Options for the prompt, “Ready to ROCK Iran back to the Stone Ages?” are “Not Yet...” “Yes” and “Hell Yes.” Yells Pete, “Let’s liberate some oil!” Trump can order a Diet Coke or bomb Iran; search for barrels of oil, ideas for Truth Social posts, or endless threats that lead nowhere; he vows to “fight this war and win it by hamburger o’clock.” Melania: “I WAS NEVER ON THE EPSTEIN JET...Did you burn the files yet?” JD, fat-faced: “I love couch.” The only way you can lose is by trying to hold Melania’s hand, which abruptly ends the game; otherwise, it’s impossible to end or win it. Irony never dies: Images have surfaced of bored National Guardsmen - a $1 million a day deployment - playing.

Another piece of protest art brings the truth of "one of the most horrific crimes in American history” to Trump's hometown. "The Donald J. Trump and Jeffrey Epstein Memorial Reading Room,” in New York's Tribeca, is a first-of-its-kind, 5,000-square-foot installation containing all the unsealed Epstein files - 3.5 million pages printed and bound into 3,437 volumes weighing 17,000 pounds, "a physical, undeniable record of corruption, cover-ups, and crime." The pop-up project in the Mriya Gallery was created by the non-profit Primary Facts; it took them about a month to print the files. The exhibit is on view through May 21; admission to groups for a one-hour session is free; organizers are raising funds to cover the New York premiere and bring it to other cities.

The Trumpsonian installation is built around a candlelit tribute to Epstein's more than 1,200 victims and survivors, whose names are all redacted here in closed binders - unlike at the DOJ, where they were badly, only partly redacted, a failure adding insult to injury along with an ongoing, multi-pronged cover-up. The Trump and Epstein Reading Room also includes a timeline documenting the decades-long crimes, legal proceedings and intersections between the two men's lives, all underlining the criminal absurdity of federal claims "there's nothing left to investigate." The vast trove of information, organizers say, is "what 3.5 million pages of evidence looks like." Trump, as deeply complicit as he is narcissistic, "wanted his name on stuff." Now, here it is.

From the TrumpsonianImage from Memorial Reading Room

**Meta Title:** How to Prune Cosmos to Keep It Flowering Until Frost
**Meta Description:** Learn exactly how to prune cosmos — deadheading, pinching, and hard cutbacks — to keep your plants blooming nonstop until the first hard frost.

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How to prune cosmos for non-stop blooms right up until the first frost

Last October, I stood in my garden in central Missouri with a pair of snips in one hand and a fat bundle of ‘Sensation Mix’ cosmos in the other. Frost warnings were already popping up on my phone. My neighbor’s cosmos patch — the one she’d planted the same week I planted mine — looked like a tangle of brown sticks and dried seed pods. Mine? Still pumping out blooms like it was July. The difference wasn’t luck. Wasn’t variety. Wasn’t even soil. The difference was pruning.

Knowing how to prune cosmos to keep it flowering until frost sounds like some advanced gardening trick, but honestly, the techniques take minutes a day and zero special equipment. This article covers the exact pruning moves — pinching, deadheading, and hard cutbacks — plus the timing and supporting care that push cosmos plants to produce new flowers from midsummer straight through the first killing freeze.

Why cosmos stop producing flowers by late summer

Cosmos plants are annuals with one overriding biological mission: make seeds. Every open flower exists to get pollinated, form a seed head, and ensure the next generation. The moment a cosmos flower finishes its job and starts developing seeds, the plant redirects energy away from bud production and toward ripening those seeds. Leave enough seed heads on a cosmos plant, and the entire organism basically retires.

Here’s the thing — this shutdown happens faster than most gardeners expect. By early August, an unpruned cosmos plant in USDA zones 6–7 carries dozens of maturing seed heads. The plant reads those seeds as “mission accomplished” and slows flower production dramatically. In warmer zones (8–10), this slowdown can hit as early as mid-July because the growing season starts sooner. Cooler zones (4–5) get a bit more natural runway, but the same mechanism kicks in eventually.

The result? Tall, leggy plants with a few tired blooms at the very tips and a forest of brown seed pods below. Pruning interrupts this cycle. Removing spent flowers and developing seeds tells the cosmos plant that the mission isn’t finished yet — so the plant pushes out fresh buds.

Pinching young cosmos — the foundation for all-season blooms

Cosmos pruning doesn’t start when blooming slows. Smart pruning starts weeks before the first flower opens. When cosmos seedlings reach 12–18 inches tall — roughly 4–6 sets of true leaves — pinch out the top 3–4 inches of the central stem. Use your thumb and forefinger, or a clean pair of snips.

This single action forces the cosmos plant to activate dormant side buds along the remaining stem. Instead of growing one tall central stalk with a single flower at the top, the pinched plant branches into multiple flowering stems. A well-pinched cosmos plant produces roughly three times more blooms than an unpinched plant over the course of the season. That branching structure also creates more sites for rebloom later, which matters enormously when you’re chasing flowers into October.

Timing depends on your planting date. For cosmos sown directly outdoors in late spring, pinching usually happens in early to mid-June. Transplants started indoors may be ready for pinching within a week or two of planting out. The key marker is height, not calendar date — wait for those 12–18 inches of growth.

The 30-second deadheading move that changes everything

Deadheading means snipping off spent cosmos flowers before the seeds fully form. Deadheading takes roughly 5–10 minutes per plant and triggers fresh bud formation within about a week. This is the single most impactful pruning habit for extending cosmos bloom season, and the technique is almost embarrassingly simple.

Where exactly to cut

Follow the stem of the faded flower down to the next leaf pair or branching point. Cut just above that leaf node — about a quarter inch above. Cutting at this spot preserves the dormant buds sitting at the leaf junction, and those buds become your next round of flowers. Cutting too high leaves an ugly brown stub that produces nothing. Cutting too low removes the very bud sites the plant needs for reblooming.

So what actually happens is this: the cosmos plant senses the removal of the spent flower, stops channeling resources to seed development at that site, and redirects energy into the nearest viable bud. New flower stems emerge from that node within 7–14 days.

How often to deadhead

During peak bloom in July and August, deadhead cosmos plants every 2–3 days. A quick evening walk through the cosmos patch — snipping faded flowers into a bucket — takes about ten minutes and keeps the cycle running. By September, bloom pace naturally slows, and once-a-week deadheading usually suffices.

I’ll share what convinced me this actually works. A few summers back, I grew two rows of ‘Double Click’ cosmos along my back fence — same seed packet, same soil, same sun. I deadheaded one row religiously every three days. The other row I left alone because, well, life got busy. By late August, the neglected row was done. Brown seed heads, sparse foliage, maybe two sad little blooms. The deadheaded row? Still cranking out big, fluffy double flowers well into the first week of October. A full six weeks longer. That was all the proof I ever needed.

The hard cutback — when deadheading isn’t enough

Cosmos plants sometimes outgrow deadheading. By midsummer, tall varieties like ‘Purity’ or ‘Sensation Mix’ can hit five or six feet, get tangled together, and start flopping over. The lower stems turn woody. Flower production concentrates at the very tips, out of easy reach. Deadheading helps, but the plant needs a reset.

A hard cutback means trimming the entire cosmos plant by one-third to one-half its height. Use sharp garden shears and cut each stem just above a healthy leaf node. This feels aggressive — I get that. Last August I hacked back an entire row of ‘Sensation Mix’ by a third. My neighbors genuinely thought I’d lost my mind. But two weeks later, those plants were covered in fresh basal growth and new buds.

Cosmos plants respond to a hard cutback with a flush of vigorous new branching from lower nodes. Expect a second wave of blooms within 2–3 weeks. The best timing for a hard cutback: mid-August in zones 5–7, late July in zones 8–9. The garden looks rough for about ten days after cutting. Worth every second of awkwardness.

Real talk: this move takes a little nerve. But cosmos plants are tough, fast-growing annuals. The plants recover quickly when warm weather and long days remain.

Watering, feeding, and sunlight — the pruning support crew

Pruning alone won’t sustain cosmos blooms through frost. The plants need the right conditions to convert every pruning cut into new growth and flowers.

Water deeply, not often

Cosmos plants tolerate drought, but consistent moisture drives stronger rebloom after pruning. Give cosmos plants one deep soaking per week — enough to wet the soil 6–8 inches down. Daily light sprinkles encourage shallow roots and weaker recovery from cutbacks.

Go easy on fertilizer

Honestly, I think most gardeners over-fertilize cosmos. Rich soil and heavy nitrogen push cosmos plants to grow massive foliage with disappointing flower counts. A single midsummer application of a low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus fertilizer (something like 5-10-10) supports bloom production without fueling leggy growth. Skip the fertilizer entirely if your soil is already reasonably fertile.

Full sun is non-negotiable

Cosmos plants need 6–8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Shaded cosmos plants stretch toward light, bloom less, and respond poorly to pruning. A cosmos plant in partial shade simply cannot generate enough energy to push out new buds after deadheading or a hard cutback.

Four telltale signs your cosmos will rebloom after pruning

After a hard cutback or aggressive deadheading session, watch for these indicators that the cosmos plant has rebloom potential:

• New leaf clusters emerge at lower nodes within 5–7 days of cutting.
• Stems feel firm and green — not woody or brown — at the cut point.
• Small bud nubs appear at branch junctions within 10 days.
• The plant’s base remains leafy and vigorous rather than bare and dried out.

Now, this next part surprises people. Sometimes cosmos plants truly are finished. Woody stems, yellowing leaves at the base, and zero new growth after two full weeks — those signs mean the plant has exhausted its energy reserves. At that point, pull the plant, compost the stems, and let the remaining cosmos carry the show.

Pruning cosmos for cut flowers — a two-for-one strategy

Cutting cosmos stems for bouquets doubles as pruning. Every long stem you harvest removes an open or spent flower and triggers new bud production at the cut node. Snip stems 12–18 inches long, cutting just above a leaf pair. The cosmos plant reads each cut exactly the same way it reads deadheading — as a signal to produce more flowers.

‘Sensation Mix’ and ‘Double Click’ perform especially well as cut-and-come-again varieties. Both produce sturdy stems, large blooms, and respond aggressively to harvesting. Fresh cosmos stems last 5–7 days in a clean vase with fresh water. There’s something weirdly satisfying about filling your kitchen with flowers and knowing the act of cutting them just guaranteed more blooms in the garden.

A final thought from the cosmos patch

The best gardening advice I ever got was absurdly simple: “Pay attention, and carry your snips.” Cosmos reward that kind of attention more than almost any annual I grow. Ten minutes of deadheading while the coffee cools. A brave cutback in August when the plants look tired. A bucket of spent blooms tossed onto the compost pile. These small, repeated actions compound into something genuinely beautiful — armloads of cosmos flowers in October, when everything else in the garden has already called it a season.

Go out tomorrow morning. Spend ten minutes with your cosmos. Count the new buds a week from now. I think you’ll be surprised.

Common questions about pruning cosmos Can I prune cosmos that have already gone to seed?

Yes. Remove all seed heads and cut stems back by one-third. Cosmos plants often produce a late flush of blooms before frost — but the plant needs at least 3–4 weeks of warm weather remaining to generate new flowers. Act quickly once you notice heavy seed set.

What happens if I never pinch or deadhead cosmos?

Unpinched cosmos plants grow tall and narrow with fewer blooms concentrated at the top. Without deadheading, cosmos plants stop flowering once enough seed heads form, channeling all remaining energy into seed production rather than new buds.

Should I prune chocolate cosmos (Cosmos atrosanguineus) the same way?

Chocolate cosmos is a tuberous perennial, not an annual. Deadheading extends chocolate cosmos bloom season effectively, but hard cutbacks can weaken the tuber. Stick to regular deadheading and light shaping for chocolate cosmos plants.

Is it too late to prune cosmos in September?

In USDA zones 7 and warmer, September pruning still works well — cosmos plants have 6–8 weeks before frost in those regions. In zones 4–5, September deadheading helps extend existing blooms, but a hard cutback risks leaving the plant without enough warm days to push out a new round of flowers.

Do I need special tools to prune cosmos?

Clean, sharp snips or basic garden scissors handle cosmos stems perfectly. Cosmos stems are soft and thin enough to pinch off spent flowers with your fingers. Disinfect blades between plants only when you notice signs of disease like powdery mildew or leaf spots.

“`

Trump’s war in Iran is now bleeding through the wholesale pipeline. April’s Producer Price Index (PPI) report shows wholesale prices rose 6% over the past year, the largest annual increase since December 2022, with core wholesale inflation at 4.4%. Despite the grim report, Trump said this week that he “[doesn’t] think about Americans’ financial situation,” and it’s clear. The president could not be more out of step with Americans. For working families struggling with high prices, their financial situation is top of mind.

The PPI reading comes just one day after the April CPI report revealed that consumers faced the sharpest inflation in nearly three years, and shows inflation pressures are still building. Rising diesel and jet fuel prices are increasing transportation-related costs. These upstream price increases indicate that families will face additional price hikes at the grocery store and across other everyday expenses in the months ahead.

Groundwork’s Executive Director, Lindsay Owens, shared her reaction to the news:

“Trump’s war in Iran has driven prices through the roof and today’s reading shows there is no end in sight. Inflation has now eaten through a year’s worth of wage gains, painting a brutal picture for working families’ budgets heading into summer. Rather than focus on making life more affordable for Americans, Trump is spending time – and taxpayer funds – on his billion dollar ballroom.”

BACKGROUND

• Wholesale inflation is running hot, signaling higher prices for consumers in the months ahead.
  • Final demand producer prices climbed 6% over the past year, the largest annual increase in three years, and 1.4% in April alone, while core wholesale prices (less foods, energy, and trade services) rose 4.4% over the past year and 0.6% in April alone. Wholesale inflation typically runs ahead of consumer prices, so today’s print suggests further price increases are on the horizon for consumers.

• Trump’s war in Iran has closed the Strait of Hormuz for more than two months, and the resulting energy shock is feeding into wholesale prices.
  • Final demand energy prices surged 7.8% in April alone, with wholesale gasoline up 15.6% in the month and 39.3% over the past year, diesel fuel up 12.6% in April and 73.8% over the past year, jet fuel up 36.4% in April and 103.8% over the past year, and natural gas is up 4.9% in April and 27.3 percent over the past year.
  • The energy shock is increasing wholesale transportation prices: transportation and warehousing is up 5% in April, which includes truck transportation of freight, rising 8.1%, and air transportation of freight, increasing 3.6%. These wholesaler price hikes will feed into price hikes for consumers in the months ahead.
• Trump’s war in Iran is layered on top of his tariffs that continue to raise wholesale prices for tariff-exposed goods.
  • Wholesale final demand goods (less food and energy) climbed 4.6% over the past year and 0.7% in April alone.
  • Wholesale prices for tariff-exposed goods continued rising, including metals up 35.6% in the past year, electronic components up 27.6%, and communication equipment up 11.9%.

Sixteen Big Tech CEOs will be joining President Trump on his upcoming summit with president Xi Jinping in China this week, according to media reports. The Big Tech executives in attendance are expected to include Elon Musk and Apple’s Tim Cook.

In response, Public Citizen co-president Robert Weissman issued the following statement:

“It’s telling that when Donald Trump wants to put technology on the agenda for discussion with China, he turns to the Big Tech executives who are his donors, flatterers and enablers, rather than policy experts who might represent the national interest instead of corporate interests.

“Big Tech companies have spent at least $653 million cozying up to President Donald Trump and Republicans in Congress – including donations to Trump’s inauguration, his gaudy ballroom and his political committees, pricey settlements of bad-faith lawsuits filed by Trump, and Amazon’s sponsorship of the Melania documentary. Big Tech executives’ participation in Trump’s China visit is yet another example of how they are getting back far more than they ever paid in.“

Angela Chukunzira, Tyler Finken and Finn Jetses highlight multinational resistance to AI’s social and ecological impact

The post Behind the ‘intelligent’ chatbot appeared first on Red Pepper.

Google researchers announced Monday that cybercriminals recently used an artificial intelligence model to help create a dangerous zero-day vulnerability capable of exploiting computer networks at scale, marking what experts say is a major turning point in the cybersecurity landscape. A “zero-day” vulnerability is a hidden flaw or weakness in software that hackers discover before the company or public knows about it or has a fix available. It’s considered especially dangerous because attackers can exploit the flaw immediately, giving defenders “zero days” to protect themselves.

The findings come as leading AI companies, including Anthropic and OpenAI, continue developing increasingly advanced models capable of identifying and exploiting critical software vulnerabilities. Google warned that malicious actors are already using AI to increase the speed, scale, and sophistication of cyberattacks, while researchers have observed state-backed hacking groups linked to China, Russia, and North Korea leveraging AI technologies to automate and refine offensive cyber operations. The developments have intensified concerns that powerful AI systems are being deployed faster than governments and regulators can establish meaningful safeguards to prevent catastrophic misuse.

In response to the growing concerns, Public Citizen’s AI governance and technology policy counsel, J.B. Branch, issued the following statement:

“Cybersecurity experts are sounding the alarm, yet AI companies continue racing to release increasingly powerful models with little regard for the societal consequences. It is unthinkable and irresponsible to release technologies capable of destabilizing critical systems and then worry about the fallout afterward. Americans are increasingly rejecting this destabilizing AI arms race. We need enforceable AI regulations that require rigorous safety testing, independent review, and meaningful oversight before these systems ever reach the public. Regulators cannot remain in a perpetual game of catch-up while Big Tech gambles with the safety and stability of modern society.”

The so-called “Rubber-Stamp Rule”, an effort by the Trump administration to “Make America Nuclear Again”, violates key components of the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) and Energy Reorganization Act, according to comments filed this week by 13 organizations including the Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS) and Beyond Nuclear. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s (NRC) proposed rule will allow reactor designs that the Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Defense (DOD) have approved to bypass required safety reviews by the NRC.

In a separate comment filing in March, 11 state attorneys general concurred with the organizations’ findings that the Department of Energy ‘s new policy to exclude “pilot reactors” from both NRC licensing and environmental reviews violates existing law. In that case, the Department of Energy announced, in violation of federal law, that it would exempt previously untested reactors that it approves to be built and operated from any review of their environmental impacts.

“Along with the DOE’s environmental ‘free pass’ policy, the whole ‘expedited licensing’ regime the administration is attempting to set up appears to be illegal,” said Tim Judson, executive director of NIRS and co-author of comments filed to the NRC. “The White House is trying to create a ‘regulatory tunnel’ around NRC’s safety regulations. That would mean DOE’s biases and obviously false assumptions about the safety of nuclear power plants become the new normal, exposing the public to unacceptable dangers to our health and safety.”

The NRC’s proposed regulation would allow companies that want to build a nuclear reactor of the same design as one DOE has previously approved to merely submit documentation of that approval and claim that the previously built reactor “is safe.” Such companies would likely never have to go through a detailed safety review by NRC to build and operate such reactors. In 1974, Congress amended the Atomic Energy Act to prohibit such a scheme.

“Fifty years ago, the Atomic Energy Commission was abolished because they became too much of a promoter and lost the confidence of Congress and the public over safety,” said Paul Gunter, director of the reactor oversight project at Beyond Nuclear. “The NRC was established to provide a regulator that prioritizes safety and is obligated not to take shortcuts for a production agenda. Instead, half a century later, we are on the same dangerous collision course, casting aside the NRC in favor of the DOE, which doesn’t have the experience or the staff to get the industry in line with safety and security. This capitulation to the Trump agenda could lead to the NRC being abolished altogether, because nobody will have confidence in them.”

The groups also told NRC that it cannot simply “rubber-stamp” reactors that the military builds, either. “And while the law allows the DOD to build its own nuclear reactors,” said Tim Judson of NIRS, “it does not allow the NRC to skip safety reviews for civilian nuclear plants just because they use the same designs. The military routinely exposes its personnel to dangers that civilians are supposed to be protected from.”

“In its eagerness to short-circuit reactor safeguards, the Trump administration is once again doing what it does best – demonstrating a complete disregard for the law,” said Linda Pentz Gunter, executive director of Beyond Nuclear. “But nuclear technology is too inherently dangerous to operate as an outlaw. Ignoring those dangers will put millions of Americans at risk of another catastrophic nuclear accident.”

• NIRS, BN, et al comments on NRC Proposed Rule — https://www.nirs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/DocketID_NRC-2025-1503_Comments_-BeyondNuclear-NIRS-etal.pdf
• Comments on DOE Categorical Exclusion Policy — https://www.nirs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026.03.04-NIRS-et-al-Comments-re-DOE-categorical-exclusion-for-advanced-nuclear-reactors.pdf

In a triumphal move back toward democratic rule, Hungary's new leader Péter Magyar took his oath of office Saturday in a "regime-change" ceremony rich with symbolism before thousands of jubilant constituents. The sense of a hopeful new political era resonated in Magyar's tribute to a victory for "ordinary, flesh-and-blood people" - and in the gleeful moves and air guitar of unstoppable "dancing machine" and new Health Minister Zsolt Hegedűs. Lookit this guy boogie. Damn, we can't wait.

The day's celebration" marked Magya's stunning defeat last month of authoritarian Viktor Orbán after 16 years in power. A 45-year-old lawyer who founded the center-right Tisza party in 2024, Magyar won a two-thirds majority over Orbán’s nationalist Fidesz party, which will allow him to roll back many of Orbán’s policies. Tisza now controls 141 seats in the 199-seat Parliament, with over a quarter held by women; Fidesz won 52 seats, down from 135, and far-right Mi Hazánk (Our Homeland) took six. Magyar has vowed to restore democratic institutions, clamp down on corruption, repair ties with the EU, where Orbán often vetoed key decisions including support for Ukraine, and unlock about $20 billion of EU funds to help jump-start Hungary's struggling economy,

Magya was sworn in at the sprawling Parliament building as tens of thousands of Hungarians gathered outside in Kossuth Square. Marking the sea change his victory represents, the EU flag flew for the first time since Orbán’ removed it in 2014, and the Beethoven-inspired European anthem Ode to Joy, symbolizing peace and solidarity, rang out. "Today, every freedom-loving person in the world would like to be Hungarian a little," Magya told the crowd in a message aimed at healing the deep divisions of Orbán's rule. "You have taught (the) world that the most ordinary, flesh-and-blood people can defeat the most vicious tyranny...Today is the fulfillment of a long journey made together (to) once again be a common homeland for all Hungarians."

As the party went all day and into the night - when Magyar took on DJ duties - the high point of its joy and fervor may have come after Magyar's speech when Zsolt Hegedűs, unable to restrain himself, broke out into dancing as the singer Jalja began performing The Hanging Tree: "Strange things have happened here." Hungary's new 56-year-old Health Minister and an internationally recognised orthopaedic surgeon who spent 10 years working for the UK's NHS, Hegedűs had already gone viral last month when, on stage after Magyar's landslide victory, he busted out some fiery dance moves and air guitar in his excitement. This time, he said he wasn't planning a repeat performance. Then the music started...And 140 Party members joined in.

"I could see the audience had been waiting for this," he said. "I didn’t want to let down the people.” So off he went, delighting everyone (except, possibly, his kids if he has any) with his slick moves. The next day, he ascribed it all to his "emotional roller-coaster" since Magyar's victory, with his chance to repair Hungary's health care system, take down Orbán's hate-mongering propaganda, urge people to focus on their mental health. "It's not that I'm going to start dancing in Parliament, but I want (to) encourage people to adopt a healthy lifestyle...Go outside, dance, be together," he said. "The weight has begun to lift from people’s shoulders." America, weary, ravaged, hungry for peace, just imagine the miracle of it. And for now enjoy his glee.

- YouTube www.youtube.com

In a filing made public on Friday, ABC accused Federal Communications Commission regulators of violating its free-speech rights and called out FCC Chairman Brendan Carr for attempting to punish the broadcaster for airing political content that displeased the Trump White House.

The FCC had reportedly ordered Houston station KTRK-TV, which ABC owns and operates, to file a formal request asking whether The View qualified for the Equal Time Rule exemption when it booked an interview with Texas senatorial candidate James Talarico. The request wasn’t warranted as the FCC had specifically granted The View this exemption in a 2002 order.

The Equal Time Rule, under Section 315 of the Communications Act, requires that broadcast stations provide equal access and airtime to all legally qualified political candidates if they permit any one candidate to use their facilities. The rule does not apply to bona fide newscasts, news interviews, news documentaries or on-the-spot news events (like political debates).

“The Commission’s actions threaten to upend decades of settled law and practice and chill critical protected speech, both with respect to The View and more broadly,” reads ABC’s filing. “It is therefore imperative that the Commission act quickly to assure broadcasters that it will uphold its long-established standards protecting broadcasters’ good faith news judgment in including political candidates in bona fide news programming.”

ABC has not always defended its free-speech rights. In December 2024, the company paid $15 million to resolve a meritless Trump defamation lawsuit against the network and its anchor George Stephanopoulos. In September 2025, Disney decided to temporarily suspend Jimmy Kimmel’s late-night program after Chairman Carr threatened to take action following comments the comedian made during his opening monologue.

Free Press Co-CEO Jessica J. González said:

“I’m pleased that ABC has finally learned that bullies don’t stop when companies cower in a corner. The FCC chairman has blatantly and repeatedly abused his power to silence speech that displeases Trump. This doesn’t just violate the First Amendment rights of broadcasters on the receiving end of Brendan Carr’s tactics; it also harms the broadcasters’ audiences. People deserve access to diverse viewpoints over the airwaves, and the ways in which ABC and other broadcasters have repeatedly capitulated to the administration has chilled free expression and access to information.

“Chairman Carr’s overreach is startling and unpopular across the political spectrum. After Donald and Melania Trump demanded that ABC fire Jimmy Kimmel for making a joke they didn’t like, Carr announced that he would conduct an early review of ABC’s broadcast licenses — an abuse of power that Senator Ted Cruz and people of all political stripes condemned. I urge ABC and its parent company Disney to continue fighting for free speech. Doing anything less deprives audiences of the diversity of viewpoints that are critical to the health of a democracy.”

ABC is accusing the Federal Communications Commission of violating the First Amendment and chilling press freedom, in a regulatory filing in its dispute with the FCC over whether “The View” is a bona fide news program exempt from the agency’s equal time requirement.
The following can be attributed to Freedom of the Press Foundation Chief of Advocacy Seth Stern:

“We commend ABC for standing up for itself and the First Amendment. The legal theories the FCC asserts against broadcast licensees are frivolous and unconstitutional, and FCC Chair Brendan Carr knows it, but he hopes broadcast licensees will nonetheless self-censor rather than pick a fight.

“It’s about time news outlets start telling Carr and his Donald Trump lapel pin to kick rocks. Otherwise, he’ll continue manufacturing bogus pretexts to harass and jawbone licensees that air content his boss doesn’t like. News outlets should be emboldened after seeing The New York Times, Media Matters, The Washington Post, and others go on offense against the administration in court and win. Carr won’t stop until a judge forces him to, and hopefully ABC plans to make that happen, both here and in Carr’s equally ridiculous retaliatory license renewal proceeding in response to comedian Jimmy Kimmel’s jokes.”

Today’s jobs report shows the labor market added 115,000 jobs in April, while the number of jobs added across February and March was revised down by 16,000. Since the start of 2026, job gains have averaged just 76,000 per month. The unemployment rate held at 4.3%, near its highest level in four years. Though topline job growth figures may appear steady, this report revealed average wages grew by just 0.2% last month, which next week’s inflation print will almost certainly confirm are behind rising prices.

Groundwork’s Managing Director of Policy and Advocacy Elizabeth Pancotti released the following statement:

“While the president touts this lukewarm headline jobs report, Americans can look at their own paychecks to take the temperature of the labor market. Price hikes fueled by Trump’s senseless war and misguided tariffs are forcing Americans to stretch already-thin budgets to the brink. Working families are being crushed under the weight of Trump’s misguided economic agenda as wages slip behind the skyrocketing price of gas, groceries, and everyday goods.”

Luke Lewin Davies and Jenny Futuro speak to São Paulo-based playwright Filipe Pereira on the challenges of left theatre-making in Brazil’s evolving political landscape

The post Theatre and political transformations in Brazil appeared first on Red Pepper.

With no grown-ups in sight, a feckless war lurches and whipsaws on, run by a regime full of clowns, drunks, losers, grifters, all steadfastly defying the will of the people. Trump rants, Hegseth lies, Rubio punts, and shameless, "bad paranoid mess" Ka$h Patel, who actually likes to spell his name that way, is gifting bottles of personally branded bourbon - "KASH PATEL, FBI Director," boasting "strong notes of insecurity" - on all sides. Nothing to see here.

The dizzying pivots on Iran go on, with Dear Leader "paralyzed" by what he started and can't for the life of him figure out how to end. The military blockade of Iran's ports is "the greatest military maneuver in history"; also, if Iran doesn't give in to his demands, they will be "blown off the face of the earth." The "already legendary Epic Fury" is almost over, and the Hormuz Strait will be "OPEN TO ALL" if Iran just agrees to the 14-point US plan they dismiss as "a wish-list." One day, Project Freedom is "a gift to the world" that will get all 2,000 stranded ships through the Strait; the next day, with two ships through and Navy commanders resisting, he pulls the plug in the name of an almost-here "complete and final agreement" that doesn't exist. It turns out he veered away because the Saudis, angry and mistrustful, wouldn't let him use their bases or air space; NATO countries are also increasingly.barring the US from their bases. Iran's chief negotiator: "Operation Trust Me Bro failed.”

There’s more bad if unsurprising news: Pete and Donnie "lied through their teeth" about how the war's gone: Iranian airstrikes did far more damage to US military sites - hitting or destroying at least 228 hangars, barracks, fuel depots, aircraft, key radar, defense, communication systems - than they've acknowledged, and Iran's military might is far from "obliterated." The lies flew through, in part, because they “requested” that several large satellite imagery providers withhold images of the war to tightly control a bogus “winning” narrative. The result, critics say: “Not since Vietnam has there been a more systematic effort by an administration to lie about the costs, consequences, and results of a war.” Meanwhile, NATO is increasingly moving on without the US - who can blame them - and even Australia is pissed at the economic chaos: “Interest Rates Rise Because Some (Emotionally-Stunted) Fuckwit in America Wasn’t Hugged Enough As A Child."

Amidst the carnage, a “once-in-a-lifetime stupid“ Trump posts bonkers AI memes - Biden as ”COWARD," Obama as ”TRAITOR" - and proof the Iran war is shorter than Afghanistan: "Wow! Study this chart!“ His clowns flail. Todd Blanche wants SCOTUS to let the DOJ trash E. Jean Carroll's $83.3 million win. Howard Lutnick told the House his relationship with Epstein was "inexplicable.” Hegseth still inexplicably pursues Mark Kelly for obeying the law though multiple judges tell him to stop; Pete also posted a cringe video of "performative dipshittery wrapped in fictional jingoism," insisting a proposed $1.5 trillion military budget is “putting the American taxpayer first.” Also: "Arsenal for freedom" WTF? GOP tax cuts for the rich and slashing of Obamacare tax credits will see millions lose health care and food stamps, which they call cutting fraud: "Let them eat ballrooms." ICE promises, "Mass deportations are coming." America wants none of this shit.

They also likely don't want much of what Trump's FBI - which boasts, "Law and order is back," complete with vows to hunt down "bad guys" at the World Cup - is selling. Especially given its alleged director, fresh off drunken drunken revels celebrating with his hockey "friends" in Milan and reportedly, perennially panicking about being fired after a series of scandals, is now facing yet more bad press thanks toThe Atlantic's Sarah Fitzpatrick, who's been lauded as "a fearless badass" for staying on his sketchy trail. Her first story, on April 17, cited two dozen FBI sources "alarmed" by Patel's erratic behavior, "conspicuous inebriation and unexplained absences" after nights of boozing. Patel responded with a sputtering, typo-riddled, $250-million lawsuit charging Fitzpatrick and The Atlantic with an elaborate, organized-crime-like conspiracy. The FBI also reportedly launched a criminal leak investigation, usually reserved for "insider threats" involving classified documents, into who told Fitzpatrick what.

This week, Fitzpatrick followed up with another boozy story: Patel travels with a stash of personalized, bespoke, presumably taxpayer-funded Ka$h Patel bourbon he regularly hands out wherever he goes, including on official FBI business. The bottles bear the label, “KASH PATEL FBI DIRECTOR” with the rendering of an FBI shield; around it, text reads, with his preferred spelling, Director Ka$h Patel. An eagle holds the shield in its talons; sometimes the 750-milliliter bottles bear Patel’s signature. They also bear the imprint of Kentucky distillery Woodford Reserve, who have helped out MAGA before. In 2025, they gifted bottles to attendees of the 2025 inauguration luncheon, part of the swag arranged by Mitch McConnell's team. They also created a commemorative "Trump Presidential Woodford Reserve Whiskey, part of their Spirited Gifts line. It's unclear to what extent they've been impacted by or spared from Trump's infamous tariffs.

Patel is already known to have "a great affection" for swag: "He is known as being very merch forward." The Ka$h-branded crap on his website - “Choose Freedom. Shop Based" - has included t-shirts, beanies, faux-camo Fight with Kash hoodies, Fight With Kash Punisher scarf, “Justice for All” #J6PC tees to support Jan, 6 rioters, “government gangsters” playing cards, tacky juvenile "Steel Wall Art," and his children's book The Plot Against the King, about a heroic wizard, Kash the Distinguished Discoverer, who helps "King Donald" uncover conspiracies and crush his enemies. Profits supposedly go to a non-profit Kash Patel Foundation that “supports whistleblowers, education, defamation cases, etc." Patel was also already a bourbon fan during Trump's first term; he reportedly kept a barrel of bourbon at the National Security Council which was regularly brought out to celebrate successes.

In her account, Fitzpatrick lists places and occasions, including FBI events, where Patel has given out bottles of his bourbon. She reports that, when a bottle went missing during a March FBI "training seminar" with Ultimate Fighting Championship athletes in Quantico, Virginia, the incident caused Patel to "lose his mind"; he was so angry he threatened to make his staff take polygraph tests and face prosecution if they were found to have been involved. The FBI did not deny Patel gives out the whiskey; they defended the gifts as "routine" within the FBI, where Bureau officials "exchange commemorative items in formal gift settings consistent with ethics rules." A spokesperson "declined to clarify which ethical rules he is following, or which past directors also did it. When Fitzpatrick asked a former longtime senior official if he'd ever seen personally branded booze gifted, "He burst out laughing."

Several current and former FBI leaders said the action was "unheard-of," noting, "The FBI has traditionally had a zero-tolerance approach to unauthorized use of alcohol on the job or its misuse off duty.” Said one, "Handing out bottles of liquor at our premier law-enforcement agency - it makes me frightened for the country." Others called it "weird," "uncomfortable," "a "shitshow," "a misunderstanding of the Bureau's culture of quiet professionalism," “demoralizing because it suggests one set of standards for the director and another for the rest of the Bureau." Then again, said one, "If you make allegations against Patel, you're screwed." "The Kash Patel bourbon has strong notes of insecurity, narcissism, incompetence and alcohol-fueled national security risk,” wrote Dem lawmakers online. "Pairs well with taxpayer-funded getaways and the occasional SWAT-assisted wake-up call.”

"I knew one day I'd have to watch powerful men burn the world down. I just didn't expect them to be such losers." - Rebecca Shaw in The Guardian

Ka$h Patel, FBI Director and MoonshinerPhoto from The Atlantic

As Shell announces bumper Q1 profits of $6.9 billion, new analysis from Global Witness reveals that six of Europe’s leading oil majors – bp, Shell, TotalEnergies, Eni, Equinor and Repsol – have recorded the highest quarterly profits since 2022, when they reaped the benefits of the fallout from Russia’s war on Ukraine.

In the first quarter of 2026, the combined $21.7 billion* in quarterly profits recorded by bp, Repsol, TotalEnergies, Eni and Equinor was 43% higher than the same period last year, reflecting a significant windfall from volatile oil prices caused by the US-Israel war in Iran.

According to Global Witness’ analysis of quarterly filings, these six fossil fuel giants have not collectively generated this much money since Q4 2022. The three biggest European majors - Shell, BP and TotalEnergies - have earned $252 billion since the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

Global Witness head of news investigations Patrick Galey said: “As lives are destroyed through war and people everywhere fear rising bills, it’s galling to see oil giants like Shell raking in obscene amounts of money.

“Sadly, we all know this isn’t the first time oil giants have cashed in from war - when Russia invaded Ukraine 4 years ago, our energy bills spiralled as fossil fuel firms raked it in.

“And now we’re seeing the same pattern repeat itself: the combined profits of Europe’s six biggest oil firms were up by 43% compared to the same period last year. These are clearly the spoils of war.

“It’s time to break free from the fossil fuel doom loop – we need robust taxes on big polluters to insulate households from price shocks and to fund a cheaper, cleaner, more stable energy future for all.”

In April, analysis by Global Witness and the Guardian found that the world’s top 100 oil and gas producers banked more than $30m every hour in excess profit in the first month of the US-Israeli war on Iran, with the conflict pushing up oil prices above $100 (£74) a barrel in March.

Although US oil majors Chevron and ExxonMobil are yet to cash in on the windfall from higher prices thanks to stalled deliveries and supply disruptions in the region, European majors like bp and TotalEnergies are already enjoying a boon from higher prices thanks to their substantial trading operations, which allows them to monetize market volatility.

The shareholders in these companies stand to gain considerably from these profits. The three largest European supermajors – bp, Shell, and TotalEnergies, rewarded shareholders a combined $10 billion in Q1 2026 – since the war in Iran that sent oil prices spiralling began.